By , cos(θ) = , and by , sin(θ) = . Multiplying both sides of the above equations by r, we get that x = r cos(θ) and y = r sin(θ). The states that x2 + y2 = r2. By , we have[r cos(θ)]2 + [r sin(θ)]2 = r2. Applying the , the equation can be written as r2 cos2(θ) + r2 sin2(θ) = r2. Dividing both sides of the equation by r2 results in cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1.