Animation Answers

A storyboard is a sequence of rough sketches or panels, often with brief descriptions, that lays out the events of a story or animation. Its purpose is to plan and communicate how the scenes will unfold before production begins.

A cel is a transparent sheet of film on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand drawn animation. With cel animation , Individual cels are drawn for every one or two frames of motion. Cels are layered on top of each other using overlays, with each second containing about 24 frames in a feature film. This was an important development because it meant that animators didn’t have to recreate the whole image for each frame.

In 1872, Eadweard Muybridge began photographing a horse in motion, helping reveal how movement could be studied frame by frame. In 1906, J. Stuart Blackton released *Humorous Phases of Funny Faces*, and in 1908 Émile Cohl created *Fantasmagorie*, an early hand-drawn animated film. Winsor McCay’s *Gertie the Dinosaur* appeared in 1914. In 1928, *Steamboat Willie* helped popularize animation synchronized with sound.

Animators still need strong storytelling, drawing and design, and timing and spacing to create believable movement. They also need to communicate emotion through character expressions and body language.

Overlay: A transparent layer of subtle changes in the image or corrections are shown. Frame: Sections of captured images on clear film. Pixel: The smallest piece of information in an image when created using computer software.

A storyboard is a visual series of rough drawings depicting the scenes of action in a story. Its purpose is to create a brief outline of the storyline in the form of pictures. Words can be added below the pictures if any clarification is needed.

Computer Generated Imagery allows animators to create virtual characters and pose them. The artist creates frames, and the computer fills in the motion that would occur between two distinct posses. CGI has greatly sped up the animation process because the artists don’t have to create the enormous amount of cels that they use to, reduced cost and time, and has allowed animators to do things that would not have been possible using early animation techniques.

• 1872 – The Phenakistoscope is invented which produced an illusion of movement. • 1906 – The first animated film by J. Stuart Blackton was created. • 1928 – “Steamboat Willie” became the first successful animated film with sound.

This image shows an example of a maquette. Maquettes are physical sculptures of an animation character or prop design. Animators use the to pose and make scenes out of while they are creating computer animations. They provide a visual, concrete example to work with.

Stop motion animation is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. The objects/puppets are made by the artist, and each time they are moved, the artist photographs them instead of drawing them. It was an important development because it allowed new types of special effects to be added to animation.

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The image shows a three-dimensional sculpture of a turtle on a grassy base attached to a wooden plaque. A model like this could be used as a character or visual reference in animation. If it were moved slightly and photographed frame by frame, it could be used to create a stop-motion animation.

The frame shows a woman sitting on the forest floor with several small animals around her. In traditional cel animation, the forest background would likely be on one painted background sheet, while the woman would be on a separate cel. Additional cels could be made for each animal so they could be animated independently. There may also have been separate cels for details like shadows, highlights, or small movements such as blinking and tail motion.

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Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) uses software to create digital models and environments, which artists can shape, texture, light, and animate. The computer then renders the scene into images, often combining many frames to create motion. CGI lets animators revise scenes more easily and create detailed, complex, or realistic imagery. It has also expanded the range of visual styles and effects possible in animation.

This is a phenakistoscope, an early animation device. When the disk was spun and viewed through its slits, the dog’s successive poses appeared to move, helping animators understand and create the illusion of motion.