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Under Joseph Stalin, life in the Soviet Union changed dramatically as the state exerted total control over every aspect of existence. Through the process of collectivization, millions of peasants lost their land and perished in man-made famines. Stalin's paranoia led to the Great Purge, where real and perceived enemies were arrested by the secret police, executed, or sent to labor camps known as gulags, as described by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. This era was characterized by a constant state of terror, the suppression of religious and individual freedoms, and the forced industrialization of the economy at a massive human cost.