Read this excerpt from a letter to the editor about education.Countries that have good education systems are strong nations. This is because strong nations are able to give their citizens the education they need to make the world better.

The claim that strong nations have good education systems is supported by saying that strong nations can provide the education citizens need. But that reasoning circles back to the same idea: it treats a nation’s strength and its education system as explanations for each other without giving independent evidence. This is circular reasoning, choice C.

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