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Examples of dramatic irony that students may mention include: Duncan’s elevating Macbeth to Thane of Cawdor as a reward for his loyalty and bravery when, unbeknownst to him, Macbeth soon seems willing to betray and murder Duncan; the fact that the previous Thane of Cawdor was guilty of treason but Macbeth is actually planning treason too; Duncan’s remarks about the lovely Macbeth castle when in fact it may be the site of Duncan’s murder; and Duncan’s remarks showing his love for and trust in the Macbeths when in fact the Macbeths are planning to kill him. In discussing how the dramatic irony adds to the play’s effectiveness, they may say that it underscores the innocence and goodness of Duncan and builds suspense for the audience.