Nicole is studying a two-way table. She has computed the relative frequencies by column for each cell. What characteristic of the data will imply an association between the two variables?

For column relative frequencies, each column shows the distribution of one variable within that column. If the variables are associated, these distributions differ across columns; equivalently, the relative frequencies for a row will be significantly different from column to column. Thus, “the relative frequencies are significantly different each row” indicates an association. Similar relative frequencies would instead suggest little or no association.

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