An economist would like to estimate the proportion of young adults who have college debt. An online survey invites young adults to share information about their level of college debt. Which of the following describes the survey design and potential bias?

Because young adults choose whether to respond to the online invitation, this is a voluntary response sample. People with college debt may be especially motivated to share their experiences, so they could be overrepresented among respondents. That would likely make the survey overestimate the proportion of all young adults with college debt, matching “voluntary response and is likely to overestimate.”

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