Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning was criticized by Carol Gilligan due to Kohlberg's claim that __________.

Kohlberg’s stages were developed largely from research with boys and men, and his scoring system emphasized justice and abstract principles. Gilligan argued that this framework undervalued women’s care- and relationship-focused reasoning, making women appear to have lower moral reasoning than men. Therefore, the correct choice is “women are at a lower level of moral reasoning than men.”

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