Alice is a single taxpayer. How much tax does Alice owe on her taxable income of $⁢44,150 , based on the 2023 tax brackets?

For a single taxpayer in 2023, the first $11,000 is taxed at 10%, and income above $11,000 up to $44,725 is taxed at 12%. Alice owes $1,100 on the first $11,000, plus 12% of $33,150 ($44,150 − $11,000), which is $3,978. The total is $1,100 + $3,978 = $5,078, so the correct choice is $5,078.

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