The Smoot-Hawley Tariff had the direct effect of

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff raised taxes on imported goods entering the United States. Other countries retaliated with tariffs of their own, making American goods more expensive abroad and reducing foreign purchases of them. Thus, the direct effect was that foreign countries refused to buy as many American goods; the other choices describe separate events or policies.

AI-written and checked against the verified answer.