Let x = a + bi and y = c + di and z = f + gi.Which statements are true? Check all of the boxes that apply.

Complex-number addition is commutative, so x + y = y + x, and it is associative, so (x + y) + z = x + (y + z). Complex-number multiplication is also associative, making (x × y) × z = x × (y × z). Subtraction is not commutative or associative in these forms: for example, (x − y) − z = x − y − z, while x − (y − z) = x − y + z.

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