The construction of wind farms has affected the migratory patterns of some bird populations. Bird populations have been noted to no longer increase and sometimes even decrease in these areas. What is this known as?

Wind farms can disrupt bird migration and reduce survival or reproduction, limiting population growth. This effect is generally density-independent because it comes from an environmental change and does not depend on how crowded the bird population is. Therefore, it is a density-independent limiting factor.

AI-written and checked against the verified answer.