What is the relationship between vectors u = ⟨1, 0⟩ and v = ⟨0, –3⟩?

Compute the dot product: ⟨1, 0⟩ · ⟨0, −3⟩ = 1(0) + 0(−3) = 0. Since both vectors are nonzero and their dot product is zero, they are perpendicular, so the angle between them is 90°. Thus, the vectors are orthogonal.

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