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Nationalism inspired Italians and Germans to unite their separate states into nations. In Italy, the Risorgimento promoted the idea that people with a shared culture and history should form one country. Cavour used diplomacy and Garibaldi led his Red Shirts in campaigns that helped unite the peninsula under Victor Emmanuel II. In Germany, Prussia and its leader Otto von Bismarck built support for unity, and victories in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France helped bring the German states together. In 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed, fulfilling the nationalist goal of a united Germany.