How did Nelson Mandela expand his anti-government activities in the 1960s?

In 1961, Mandela helped establish and lead Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress, which carried out sabotage against government targets. This marked an expansion of the anti-apartheid struggle beyond nonviolent protest. The Freedom Charter was written and adopted in 1955, and Mandela did not found the ANC, which was established in 1912.

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