AnswersPsychology AEthical Research

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Read the passage from a fictional article below and answer the question that follows.Although each of the subjects knew they could quit at any time, none of them asked to stop the experiment. They all continued to the bitter end.–Jimmy Olsen, page 251Now read the following passages from a separate article. Which of the following uses of the above passage is not considered plagiarism?

A
Each of the subjects knew they could quit, but none of them asked to stop the experiment. In fact, they all continued to the bitter end, even though they were very anxious (Olsen 251).
B
Even Olsen seemed surprised by the findings. He remarked that “although each of the subjects knew they could quit at any time...[t]hey all continued to the bitter end” (Olsen 251).
C
Although the subjects knew they could quit, none of them even asked to stop the experiment!
D
And as we look at these subjects, although clearly anxious, none of them asked to stop the experiment. They all continued to the bitter end (Olsen 251).
2
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Loftus used her research to prove that __________.

A
memories of childhood trauma are usually true
B
adults’ memories are concrete and rigid
C
children have better memories than adults
D
false memories could be created using suggestion
3

If a researcher only wanted to examine the relationship between exercise and grade point average, _________ would be used to test the variables.

A
correlation analysis
B
regression
C
hypothesis
D
central tendency measures
4

What is the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principle of Psychologists and Code of Conduct based upon?

A
The work of a dozen world-renowned philosophers and ethical savants.
B
The feedback of thousands of psychologists and their ethical struggles.
C
The regulatory power and authority of the United States Constitution.
D
The Hippocratic rules and guidelines of medical practitioners and surgeons.
5

Which of the following statements concerning a valid study is correct?

A
A valid study allows the researcher to draw accurate conclusions.
B
A valid study does not have to be reliable.
C
A valid study is inadequate in predicting a specific outcome.
D
A valid study utilizes a poorly designed measure.
6

A two-tailed hypothesis test is used to evaluate __________.

A
only a nondirectional hypothesis
B
both a nondirectional and directional hypothesis
C
only a directional hypothesis
D
both a critical and comparative hypothesis
7

A Type I significance error occurs when a researcher claims that there is __________.

A
enough statistical support for the research hypothesis when there is not
B
not enough statistical support for the research hypothesis when there is
C
enough statistical support for the research hypothesis when there is
D
not enough statistical support for the research hypothesis when there is not
8

What is one ethical issue demonstrated in the Milgram experiments?

A
Milgram and his associates were willing to harm one person with electric shocks in order to learn.
B
Milgram and his associates did not discover anything important about psychological issues.
C
Milgram and his associates pressured subjects to continue after they signaled that they wished to stop.
D
Milgram and his associates debriefed subjects afterwards to ensure they understood the experiment.
9

If the observed test value of a hypothesis test is outside of the established critical value(s), a researcher would __________.

A
claim significant support for the hypothesis
B
claim no significant support for the hypothesis
C
restate the hypothesis more clearly
D
repeat the experiment until support is found
10

Summarize two of the most common arguments made by animal rights advocates to support the discontinuation of animals in research.

Answer not available
11

Ethics is described as the principles of right and wrong behavior.

A
T
B
F
13

The mean, median, and mode of a distribution are __________.

A
measures of central tendency
B
measures of variability
C
types of transformed scores
D
types of deviations
15

Some believe that deception is a necessary tool for psychological research because deception __________.

A
could be safely replaced by roleplaying in most cases
B
is necessary to get accurate results in some experiments
C
harms many of the subjects of an experiment
D
is hurtful to the reputation of psychology in general
24

Explain why it is important to be skeptical of statistical results reported in the media.

Answer:

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: It is important to be skeptical of statistical results reported in the media because the media often inaccurately report cause-and-effect variable relationships. The media also do not report research study limitations that researchers have noted and often deliver research results before sufficient data has been established to support a claim.

28

List three reasons why a study may be considered invalid.

Answer:

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The test questions used as a measurement in the study could be poorly designed or misinterpreted, the sample selection may not accurately represent the population, the researcher may have insufficient data to support the research claim, there may be interference in the results of the study from unrecognized variables, the scores may not accurately represent the theory about the subject, the test questions may be unrelated to the subject, or the test used may fail to predict a specific outcome that it is designed to measure.

29

Analyze the graph below and answer the question that follows. Based on the location of the observed test value, what would a psychologist conclude about the research results?

Question illustration
A
The psychologist would claim that the research results were significant.
B
The psychologist would claim that the research results were nonsignificant.
C
The psychologist would claim that there is insufficient data in the research.
D
The psychologist would claim that the critical values are inaccurate.
30

The number of participants within a study influences the amount of statistical power a test attains.

A
T
B
F
31

Explain what it means when a researcher finds significant results in a statistical test that has a low effect size.

Answer not available
32

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Nancy is conducting a study using college students as subjects. The purpose of the study is to see if the kind of clothing the experimenter wears will have an affect on the willingness of the subject to perform an embarrassing task. During the experiment, Nancy or one of her research assistants will approach a subject chosen at random from passersby. The experimenter will be wearing either a lab coat, a business suit, or casual clothes. The experimenter will ask the subject to do an embarrassing task. If the subject agrees, that subject will perform the task and then be asked why he or she agreed. If the subject refuses, he or she will be asked why they refused. After the single question, the subject will be dismissed and the experiment will continue. Why is this experiment unethical? How could it be improved?

Answer not available
33

Compare and contrast measures of central tendency and measures of variability.

Answer not available

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