AnswersPA Human Anatomy Physiology A 2026-2027 SMITH ICCatalysts

Catalysts — Unit test Answers

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1
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How does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) become adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

A
ATP stores energy as a phosphate bond is formed.
B
ATP releases energy as a phosphate bond is formed.
C
ATP releases energy as a phosphate bond is broken.
D
ATP stores energy as a phosphate bond is broken.
2
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Which statement correctly explains whether more ATP is found in muscle cells or bone cells?

A
More ATP is found in muscle cells because they use energy less efficiently than bone cells.
B
More ATP is found in bone cells because they grow more and need energy from ATP.
C
More ATP is found in bone cells because they need large amounts of energy to produce marrow.
D
More ATP is found in muscle cells because they need large amounts of energy to power motion.
3

Which is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?

A
NADH
B
FADH2
C
oxygen
D
carbon dioxide
4

Which of the following can combine in a cell to convert a lower-energy molecule into a higher-energy molecule?

A
ADP + P + energy
B
ATP + P + energy
C
ADP + P
D
ATP + P
5

Which best illustrates the result of the process of meiosis?

A
A pea plant has the same flower color as its parent plants.
B
A daughter looks different from both her mother and her father.
C
A cheetah cub has very similar fur to its mother.
D
A Labrador puppy looks exactly like its father.
6

Which of the following is an inference?

A
A burning candle is extinguished when it is covered with a jar.
B
The candle burns longer than expected in a jar that has a plant in it.
C
A plant lives longer than expected in a jar that has a burning candle.
D
There is more oxygen in the jar because there is a plant in it.
7

Which statement describes thylakoids?

A
Glucose is formed here.
B
Water molecules are formed here.
C
Only photosystem II functions here.
D
Photosystems I and II function here.
8

Which term identifies a light-absorbing pigment?

A
photosystem
B
ferredoxin
C
thylakoid
D
chlorophyll
9

Which part of cell division is different in plant and animal cells?

A
cytokinesis
B
anaphase
C
mitosis
D
eukaryotic
10

Rapid reproduction is an advantage of which process?

A
gamete formation
B
sexual reproduction
C
asexual reproduction
D
chromosome duplication
11

A lab experiment to determine the rate of ATP production and its use in plants is conducted. In the lab, twenty circles cut from plant leaves are placed in a container of water with a light source, which allows photosynthesis to occur. When the rate of ATP production exceeds the ATP use, oxygen is given off by the plant cells, causing the leaf circles to float. Using the graph of data from this experiment, at which point was the light source most likely removed?

Question illustration
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
12

Fewer offspring is a disadvantage of which form of reproduction?

A
mitosis
B
asexual reproduction
C
binary fission
D
sexual reproduction
13

Which statement best describes the process of chemiosmosis and the direct result of its occurrence?

A
Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ADP is converted to ATP.
B
Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ATP is converted to ADP.
C
Hydrogen ions flow from the stroma down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the thylakoid. ADP is converted to ATP.
D
Hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid against a concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels into the stroma. ADP is converted to ATP.
14

Which series of diagrams correctly represents the order of mitosis?

A
The steps of mitosis are shown. In step 1, the cell starts to break down structures. In step 2, the chromosomes line up at the center. In step 3, the chromatids separate from each other and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. In step 4, the cell is divided.
Option A
B
The steps of mitosis are shown. In step 1, the cell starts to break down structures. In step 2, the cell is divided. In step 3, the chromatids separate from each other and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. In step 4, the chromosomes line up at the center.
Option B
C
The steps of mitosis are shown. In step 1, the cell starts to break down structures. In step 2, the cell is divided. In step 3, the chromosomes line up at the center. In step 4, the chromatids separate from each other and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Option C
D
The steps of mitosis are shown. In step 1, the cell starts to break down structures. In step 2, the chromatids separate from each other and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. In step 3, the chromosomes line up at the center. In step 4, the cell is divided.
Option D
15

Which statement best distinguishes the light-dependent (L-D) reactions from the light-independent (L-IND) reactions?

A
The L-D reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane, and the L-IND reactions occur in the stroma.
B
The L-D reactions occur in the cytoplasm, and the L-IND reactions occur in the chloroplast.
C
The L-D reactions occur in the chloroplast, and the L-IND reactions occur in the mitochondria.
D
The L-D reactions occur in the stroma, and the L-IND reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
16

How does ATP supply energy for cellular activities?

A
by breaking off a phosphate group from its structure
B
by releasing the sugar molecule from its structure
C
by adding a phosphate group to its structure
D
by attaching itself to a glucose molecule
17

What do all cellular activities in living organisms use as a source of energy?

A
ATP
B
lactic acid
C
pyruvic acid
D
carbon dioxide
18

A species of mud snail was studied for five years. During this time, scientists observed the season in which they mated, the number of offspring they produced, and the results of such stressors as drought, famine, and lack of mates. Which question were the scientists most likely studying?

A
What is the food source most often chosen by the mud snail?
B
Are the reproductive rates of mud snails affected by environmental changes?
C
Are mud snails more likely to choose mates with colorful shells?
D
Do mud snails prefer to live in water or near a water source?
19

Which best defines a diploid cell during meiosis?

A
a cell that has double the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
B
a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
C
a cell that has double the number of chromosomes as the daughter cell
D
a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as the daughter cell
20

The Venn diagram compares aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.Which statement could be categorized in the overlapping section of the Venn diagram?

Question illustration
A
uses pyruvic acid
B
has commercial uses
C
regenerates NADH
D
produces 36 ATP

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