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Read the sentence.Sami especially enjoyed the brownies, which were chewy, chocolatey, and jam-packed with crunchy walnuts.Which statement best explains how the underlined clause conveys meaning?

A
It is a noun clause stating what Sami likes about brownies.
B
It is an adverbial clause telling why Sami liked the brownies.
C
It is a relative clause describing the qualities of the brownies.
D
It is an independent clause explaining how brownies are made.
2
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Read the passage from chapter 17 of The Prince.Therefore a prince, so long as he keeps his subjects united and loyal, ought not to remind the reproach of cruelty; because with a few examples he will be more merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to arise, from which follow murders or robberies; for these are wont to injure the whole people, whilst those executions which originate with a prince offend the individual only.

A
A cruel prince risks robberies and murders.
B
A cruel prince may be better for his subjects in the long run.
C
A cruel prince should not mind having murders and robberies.
D
A cruel prince will always have subjects who work hard for him.
3

Read the passage from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech.Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany—busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of park land. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Where there was want, today there's abundance. . . . From devastation, from utter ruin, you Berliners have, in freedom, rebuilt a city that once again ranks as one of the greatest on earth. . . .In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: "We will bury you." But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind—too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor.

A
The Berlin Wall is a reminder of the past and of the war.
B
The United States is more powerful than the Soviet Union.
C
Democracy leads to greater prosperity than communism does.
D
Berlin is a thriving city that can boast of many accomplishments.
4

What kind of evidence should be presented in an argument? Select two options.

A
accomplished
B
interesting
C
relevant
D
sufficient
E
biased
5

Read the passage from chapter 17 of The Prince.against my will, my fateA throne unsettled, and an infant state,Bid me defend my realms with all my pow'rs,And guard with these severities my shores.

A
It changes the tone to make it more threatening.
B
It supports the overall tone of fear.
C
It changes the tone to become more serious.
D
It suggests a tone of loving concern.
6

Read the excerpt from Justice Sotomayor's speech "A Latina Judge's Voice."For me, a very special part of my being Latina is the mucho platos de arroz, gandules y pernir—rice, beans and pork—that I have eaten at countless family holidays and special events. My Latina identity also includes, because of my particularly adventurous taste buds, morcilla, pig intestines; patitas de cerdo con garbanzo, pigs' feet with beans; and Ia lengua y orejas de cuchifrito, pigs' tongue and ears. I bet the Mexican-Americans in this room are thinking that Puerto Ricans have unusual food tastes. Some of us, like me, do.

A
It shows her strong connection to her heritage.
B
It demonstrates how unusual Puerto Rican food is.
C
It exemplifies a frustration with the United States.
D
It deliberately excludes non-Spanish speakers.
7

Which sentence from Reagan’s "Tear Down This Wall” speech is the best example of hyperbole?

A
“I find in Berlin a message of hope, even in the shadow of this wall, a message of triumph.”
B
“The sign read simply: ‘The Marshall Plan is helping here to strengthen the free world.’”
C
“Throughout the Pacific, free markets are working miracle after miracle of economic growth.”
D
“In Europe, only one nation and those it controls refuse to join the community of freedom.”
8

Which features of the passage are typical of a compare/contrast structure? Select three options.

A
It identifies two groups that will be discussed.
B
It explains the reasons invading forces did not succeed.
C
It uses the signal word nevertheless to indicate a difference.
D
It uses the signal phrase for example to introduce evidence.
E
It describes similar and different outcomes to similar actions.
9

Read the excerpt from "A Latina Judge's Voice" by Hon. Sonia Sotomayor.First, as Professor Martha Minnow has noted, there can never be a universal definition of wise. Second, I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn't lived that life.

A
to emphasize the value of a Latina woman's experience
B
to add entertainment value to the speech for the audience
C
to distract the audience from the reality of the courtroom
D
to demonstrate that an effective judge needs an education
11

Read the excerpt from "A Genetics of Justice” by Julia Alvarez.When the novel came out, I decided to go ahead and risk her anger. I inscribed a copy to both Mami and Papi with a note: "Thank you for having instilled in me through your sufferings a desire for freedom and justice." I mailed the package and—what I seldom do except in those moments when I need all the help I can get—I made the sign of the cross as I exited the post office. Days later, my mother called me up to tell me she had just finished the novel. "You put me back in those days. It was like I was reliving it all," she said sobbing. "I don't care what happens to us! I'm so proud of you for writing this book."I stood in my kitchen in Vermont, stunned, relishing her praise and listening to her cry. It was one of the few times since l had learned to talk that I did not try to answer my mother back. If there is such a thing as genetic justice that courses through the generations and finally manifests itself full-blown in a family moment, there it was.

A
Alvarez describes how writing the novel brought her and her mother closer together.
B
Alvarez realizes that, through her writing, she has finally won her mother’s respect.
C
Alvarez explains how her mother's reaction to her novel provoked a rare moment of peace between them.
D
Alvarez explains how she knew that her mother would appreciate the novel she wrote.
13

Read Mireille's rebuttal to the counterclaim that Bob Dylan's lyrics cannot be considered literature.Although it is true that Bob Dylan is primarily a songwriter, I consider his lyrics to be just as good as any poetry.

A
many people find his lyrics very moving
B
Dylan has also written poetry and traditional prose
C
his lyrics use poetic devices such as allusion and metaphor
D
a lot of people consider his lyrics to be just as good as any poetry
14

To summarize the central idea in a text, readers should identify the topic and then identify

A
little-known facts about the topic.
B
the author's opinion about the topic.
C
other readers' opinions about the topic.
D
scientific facts about the topic.
15

Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech.Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany—busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of park land. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Where there was want, today there's abundance.

A
Reagan uses repetition to focus attention on history.
B
Reagan uses hasty generalizations to encourage hope.
C
Reagan uses parallelism to compare the past to the present.
D
Reagan uses hyperbole to emphasize changes that have taken place.
16

Read the excerpt from "A Latina Judge's Voice" by Hon. Sonia Sotomayor.Let us not forget that wise men like Oliver Wendell Holmes and Justice Cardozo voted on cases which upheld both sex and race discrimination in our society. Until 1972, no Supreme Court case ever upheld the claim of a woman in a gender discrimination case. I, like Professor Carter, believe that we should not be so myopic as to believe that others of different experiences or backgrounds are incapable of understanding the values and needs of people from a different group. Many are so capable. As Judge Cedarbaum pointed out to me, nine white men on the Supreme Court in the past have done so on many occasions and on many issues, including Brown.However, to understand takes time and effort, something that not all people are willing to give. For others, their experiences limit their ability to understand the experiences of others. Others simply do not care. Hence, one must accept the proposition that a difference there will be by the presence of women and people of color on the bench. Personal experiences affect the facts that judges choose to see. My hope is that I will take the good from my experiences and extrapolate them further into areas with which I am unfamiliar. I simply do not know exactly what that difference will be in my judging. But I accept there will be some based on my gender and my Latina heritage.

A
“We should not be so myopic as to believe that others of different experiences or backgrounds are incapable of understanding the values and needs of people from a different group.”
B
“Wise men like Oliver Wendell Holmes and Justice Cardozo voted on cases which upheld both sex and race discrimination.”
C
“Until 1972, no Supreme Court case ever upheld the claim of a woman in a gender discrimination case.”
D
“Others simply do not care.”
17

Read the sentence.Because the high winds are blowing, the fire may spread rapidly, and we have been ordered to evacuate.What type of sentence is this?

A
a simple sentence
B
a complex sentence
C
a compound-complex sentence
D
a compound sentence
18

Read the sentence.Gregor watched, assessing how Sasha reacted to his news.Which statement best explains how the underlined clause conveys meaning?

A
It is an adverbial clause explaining Sasha’s behavior.
B
It is a noun clause indicating what Gregor was observing.
C
It is a noun clause describing what Sasha was responding to.
D
It is a relative clause specifying the information Gregor gave Sasha.
19

Which ideas from the excerpt would be most appropriate to include in a summary? Select two options.

A
“Art is the foundation of what it means to be a human.”
B
“We should not cut the funding to the school's art department, because the students will suffer.”
C
“We need to refocus ourselves and reevaluate our priorities.”
D
“Everyone thinks that art class is just fun and games.”
E
“But it is everything else that will suffer when we lack art and beauty in our lives.”
20

When analyzing an argument, which element should you identify first?

A
the reasons
B
the claim
C
the evidence
D
the author
21

Read the two excerpts."Remembering to Never Forget: Dominican Republic's 'Parsley Massacre’” by Mark Memmott:Seventy-five years ago, thousands of Haitians were murdered in the Dominican Republic by a brutal dictator. It was one of the 20th Century's least-remembered acts of genocide.As many as 20,000 people are thought to have been killed on orders given by Rafael Trujillo. But the "parsley massacre" went mostly unnoticed outside Hispaniola. Even there, many Dominicans never knew about what happened in early October 1937. They were kept in the dark by Trujillo's henchmen."A Genetics of Justice” by Julia Alvarez:During my early teen years in this country, I knew very little about what was actually going on in the Dominican Republic. Whenever Ia situación on the island came up, my parents spoke in hushed voices. In December 1960, four months after our arrival, Time magazine reported the murder of the three Mirabal sisters, who along with their husbands had started the national underground Dominican Republic. My parents confiscated the magazine. To our many questions about what was going on, my mother always had the ready answer, "En boca cerrada no entran moscas." No flies fly into a closed mouth. Later, I found out that this very saying had been scratched on the lintel of the entrance of the SIM's torture center at La Cuarenta.

A
Memmott writes well after the events occurred, while Alvarez writes while the events are occurring.
B
Memmott tells about one event that occurred, while Alvarez tells about the dictatorship as a whole.
C
Memmott gives an anecdote to tell about the dictatorship’s cruelty, while Alvarez tells about her family.
D
Memmott presents facts about the dictatorship objectively, while Alvarez gives details about how it affected people.
22

Read the passage from an argumentative essay.(1) Bernie Sanders has argued that no one should have to pay tuition to go to college. (2) This will only increase the tax burden on the middle classes.

A
explaining the concept of a tax burden.
B
adding "however" to the beginning of the sentence.
C
placing "therefore" at the beginning of the sentence.
D
connecting it to the preceding sentence with "and."

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