In order to help African Americans in the US gain economic independence, Marcus Garvey founded the

Marcus Garvey promoted Black economic independence through businesses owned and operated by African Americans. He founded the Black Star Line, a shipping company, and the Negro Factories Association to encourage Black commerce and industry. The “back to Africa” movement and Pan-Africanism were also associated with Garvey, but the organizations named in choice D are the ones he founded to build economic independence.

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