Samuel puts a pot of water on the stove to boil and remembers when his teacher taught the class about convection, which is fluid movement driven by heat. Samuel recalls that convection in the Earth’s mantle involves the movement of

Convection happens in fluids as warmer material becomes less dense and rises, while cooler material sinks. In Earth’s mantle, this slow movement involves hot, semi-molten rock (molten materials), which helps drive the movement of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates and the lithosphere are not the mantle material that convects.

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