Atoms of arsenic (As) are often added to silicon (Si) in a process called doping to change the conductivity of the silicon. How does the addition of arsenic change the conductivity of silicon?

Silicon has four valence electrons, while arsenic has five, and arsenic has one more electron shell because it is in a lower period on the periodic table. In the silicon crystal, arsenic uses four electrons to form bonds and can donate its extra electron to conduct electricity. This adds mobile electrons and increases conductivity, matching “one more valence electron and more electron shells” and “conductivity increases because the arsenic atom loses the electron.”

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