In Edward Tolman’s experiments, the group of rats that ended up with the best results was the one that had __________.

Tolman found that rats could learn the maze even without being rewarded, a process called latent learning. Rats rewarded only after eleven days showed that they had learned the maze during the unrewarded period and then performed especially well once reinforcement began. So the best results came from the group that received reinforcement after eleven days.

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