Read the hypothesis below and answer the question that follows. Individuals who smoke will have a higher frequency of developing cancer later in life. Which of the following would not be a potential extraneous variable for the stated hypothesis?

An extraneous variable is a factor other than the predictor or outcome that could affect the results. Here, whether a subject develops cancer is the outcome being studied, so the occurrence of lung cancer is not an extraneous variable. Secondhand smoke, cigarettes smoked per day, and years as a smoker could influence the relationship being examined.

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